References:

Maternal & Child Health Nursing: Care of the childbearing & childrearing family, 8th Edition, ISBN 978-1-4963-4813-5, by JoAnne Silbert-Flagg and Adele Pillitteri (Unit 5, Growth and Development)

This note has no definite "completion" status. It will be updated continuously.

Macronutrients

Macronutrients	Selected Dietary Sources	Function in Body	Results of Deficiency or Excess
Calcium	Milk, hard cheese	Formation of bone and teeth, muscle contractility	Improper bone growth and maintenance shown by diseases such as rickets in children
Phosphorus	Milk, meats	Formation of bone and teeth, used in cell structure, aids use of glucose	Deficiency unlikely as long as calcium and protein needs are met
Sodium	Table salt	Regulates fluid volume and pH	Deficiency rare but excess leads to hypertension in genetically determined individuals
Chloride	Table salt	Formation of hydrochloric acid, regulates body fluid with sodium	Deficiency rare except with vomiting, which causes loss of hydrochloric acid
Potassium	Meats, dried fruits	Major cation of cells, essential for electrical conduction in muscle and therefore in heart action	Deficiency leading to muscle weakness and heart irritability, occurs in people taking diuretics because potassium is excreted with urine
Sulfur	Milk, meat, eggs	Essential for protein formation and cell growth	Deficiency rare as long as protein intake is adequate
Magnesium	Cocoa, nuts, green leafy vegetables	Relaxation of muscles after contraction	Deficiency leads to muscle contraction

Micronutrients

Micronutrients	Selected Dietary Sources	Function in Body	Results of Deficiency or Excess
Iodine	Seafood, dairy, iodized salt	Formation of thyroxine and regulation of metabolic rate	Reduced basal metabolic rate, goiter (enlarged thyroid gland)
Iron	Meats, fish, dried fruits, nuts, fortified cereals	Formation of hemoglobin, transport of oxygen to body cells	Deficiency leads to microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale) red blood cells (iron-deficiency anemia); excess leads to infiltration of tissue (hemosiderosis)
Copper	Nuts, raisins, legumes	Formation of collagen and nerve fibers	Anemia, neutropenia, and severe bone demineralization
Fluoride	Fluoridated water	Reduces dental caries and demineralization from bone	Dental caries
Zinc	Meat, eggs, seafood	Formation of eyes, male reproductive organs, insulin, and taste sensation	Diabetes-like symptoms because of decreased insulin production, poor taste sensation leading to poor food intake
Manganese	Nuts, grains, legumes	Formation of enzymes	Deficiency unlikely
Molybdenum	Organ meats, grains	Mobilizes iron in body	Deficiency apparently unknown
Cobalt	Many sources	Formation of red blood cells in bone marrow	Deficiency rare as long as animal food sources are ingested
Selenium	Seafood, kidney, liver	Immunoglobulin formation and prevention of oxidation of cells	Deficiency unknown
Chromium	Meat, cheese, grains	Glucose metabolism	Deficiency seen only in severe malnutrition
Silicon	Many sources	Aids growth of connective tissue and bone	Retarded growth and bone deformity
Nickel	Many sources	Duplication of growth of cells	Has not been determined to be essential for health in humans
Vanadium	Many sources	Lipid metabolism	Has not been determined to be essential for health in humans
Tin	Many sources	Blood formation	Has not been determined to be essential for health in humans

Therapeutic Dietetics

The use of nutrition to manage or treat specific pathologic conditions.

Diets for the Cardiovascular System

Condition	General Dietary Recommendations
Hypertension	Low sodium, low fat
Congestive Heart Failure	Low sodium, low cholesterol
Obesity	Low calorie

Diets for the Hepatobiliary System

Condition	General Dietary Recommendations
Liver Cirrhosis	Low protein

Diets for Endocrinal Disorders

Condition	General Dietary Recommendations
Hyperthyroidism	High calorie, high protein
Hypothyroidism	Low calorie, low protein
Diabetes Mellitus	Well-balanced diet
Hyperparathyroidism	Low calcium
Hypoparathyroidism	High calcium
Addison’s Disease	High sodium, low potassium
Cushing’s Disease	Low sodium, high potassium

Diets for Malabsorption Disorders

Condition	General Dietary Recommendations
Celiac Disease	Gluten-free
Cystic Fibrosis	High calorie

Diets for Other Pathologies and Disorders

Condition	General Dietary Recommendations
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	Finger foods
Dengue Fever	Dark-colored food are contraindicated
Mania (e.g., Bipolar Disorder)	Finger foods
Pressure Injury	Increase Vitamin C content

Nutritional Deficiencies and Pathology

Deficiency	Associated Conditions
	Malnutrition is a state of deficiency in any component of nutrition. Marasmus involves severe prolonged starvation—deficiency in calories, proteins, vitamins, and minerals.
Protein	Kwashiorkor (acute deficiency)
Vitamin A	Nyctalopia (Night blindness) Xerophthalmia (Dry eyes, can also result in blindness) Bitot’s spots (foamy conjunctival lesions)
Vitamin B₁	Beriberi Korsakoff’s Syndrome Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
Vitamin B₂	Ariboflavinosis: cheilitis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, seborrheic dermatitis, photophobia
Vitamin B₃	Pellagra
Vitamin B₅	Fatigue, paresthesias, GI upset No specific condition; rarely occurs.
Vitamin B₆	Peripheral neuropathy Glossitis, cheilitis Irritability, confusion Seizures in infants No specific condition
Vitamin B₉	Megaloblastic anemia Fetal neural tube defects if during pregnancy There are no neurologic symptoms in B₉ deficiency, a distinguishing factor from B₁₂ deficiency.
Vitamin B₁₂	Megaloblastic anemia Pernicious anemia (specific to B₁₂ malabsorption) Neurologic symptoms include peripheral neuropathy, dorsal column demyelination (poor proprioception, ataxia), memory loss, and confusion.
Vitamin C	Scurvy
Vitamin D	Rickets (children) Osteomalacia (adults) Hypocalcemia, resultant tetany and dental deformities
Vitamin E	Neuromuscular symptoms (ataxia, peripheral neuropathy) Hemolytic anemia (especially in premature infants) Retinopathy Loss of proprioception and vibratory sense No specific condition
Vitamin K	Bleeding tendencies (prolonged PT/INR, easy bruising, hematuria, melena)